Bachelor degree in Information Technology

WorldCapital Market investment bank, I am confident in my ability to deliver the best efforts in the Job of your company. My experiences in Information Sciences Institute which also locates in Marine Del Ray Bay systematically help me establish a well-understanding in the computer skills while exceeding your xpectations. Moreover, I'm good at dealing with pressure and burden which probably will happen. But I always regard it as a good thing.Also, I am well versed in researching and verifying information in appropriate manner. Above all, I am able to manage time efficiently and an ability to work under tight deadlines for work and revisions. Besides your requirements, I have the following expertise and knowledge which would be an asset: Meeting with possible staff to discuss possible projects, inalizing timelines and discussing facts and information Writing the assigned tasks within fixed timeline Completing all revisions and amendments With my creative and unique work style, I am con fident that I am an excellent match for this position.I look forward to meeting with you to discuss more about this position. Thank you for your time and consideration. The Norva – Norfolk, VA – sat, oct 12, 201 sposted 10/1 5/2013by Claytonman18 This Fan's Reviews Periphery was incredible! Best show I've ever seen to date! Favorite moment: Face Palm Mute! Was this review helpful to you? Yes I No(Report as inappropriate) Share this review: Facebook Twitter 5/5 Frak the Gods tour five stars! tate Theatre – st Petersburg, FL – sun, sep 4, 2011 posted 09/08/2011 by swalls This Fan's Reviews Ticket price was the first influencing decision in attending. At $13. 90 per ticket, plus taxes and fees, making it about $17. 00, you cant beat 6 hours of live music. The venue was adequate, with a pit section and balcony, for those not wanting to be trampled. There were 4 big names on the bill, with 2 or 3 local bands.

Designation of Phylum Cryptomycota Within Kingdom Fungi

Designation of phylum cryptomycota within kingdom fungi Introduction The cryptomycota are considered to be to be an early branching clade of organisms, the only known members are species that belong in the genus Rozella (Lara et al 2010, Jones et al 2011, James and Berbee 2012). It has been suggested due largely to the amount of environmental sequences collected the phylum may be as diverse as the whole kingdom fungi (Jones et al 2011).While Rozella were originally placed in the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota(Jones and Pang 2012), a multi-gene molecular phylogeny of the Chytridiomycota found Rozella was in fact part of a separate linage considered to be the most basal lineage within the fungal kingdom (James et al 2006). Analysis of environmental DNA samples based on the analysis of SSU RNA (small subunit ribosomal RNA genes)had revealed 26 sequences, previously unknown, which clustered closely to two species of Rozella included in the survey (Lara et al 2010).Lara et al tentatively n amed this clade ‘Rozedilla' (Lara et al 2010, Jones et al 2011). However this clade was expanded to include 40 sequences found in marine and freshwater environments. This clade was renamed cryptomycota to reflect the position of the group relative to the fungi and its mostly hidden nature, as a large number of the phylum are only known from SSU RNA environmental surveys and their similarity in morphology and life-cycle to the Rozella is unknown (Jones et al 2011).Cryptomycota cells from freshwater samples, most notably from the Washington Singer pond (Exeter University, Devon, UK, 50. 7339uN, 3. 5375uW), were visualised with fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. These target cells were shown to be small eukaryotes 3 to 5 ? meters in length (Jones et al 2011). Counter-staining with TAT1 tubulin revealed The target cells capable of forming a microtubule based flagellum (see fig 1)(Jones et al 2011). Chitin was not found in any of the morphs observed, this was tested by co-staining with cell wall markers (calcofluor white and lectin wheat germ agglutinin).Cellulose was also not present (Jones et al 2011). FIG 1: Micrographs showing flagella on cryptomycota cells, as detected by TAT1 tubulin antibody(Jones et al 2011) This study led Jones et al to the conclusion that the Cryptomycota were an intermediate group between fungus and protists. Others such as James and Berbee contend that †they may have lost their â€Å"dinner jacket† through convergence. Rather than evolutionary intermediates, the cryptomycota may be strange, divergent fungi † (James and Berbee 2012).The term †dinner jackets† here refers to cell walls. Some such as Griffith, Voight and Kirk would not consider the phylum fungal, but a non fungal opisthkonta like the Microsporidia(2011). In this essay I intended to explore the evidence both for and against the inclusion of the phylum Cryptomycota in the kingdom fungi. To do this it is important to understand the characteristics and life-cycle of Cryptomycota and what makes an organism part of the kingdom fungi. Characteristics of CryptomycotaThe known Cryptomycota :Rozella is a genus of entirely parasitic species that infect the thalli and sporidia of Chytridiomycota , Blastocladiomycota and some species of Oomycota. Study of Rozella allomycis , the only cultured Rozella species has shown it does ,unlike Fungi, not process cell walls at any time during there trophic phases like Fungi however they exhibit a zoosporic uniflagilate stage in which they propagate(Jones and Pang 2012) . James and Berbee demonstrated that chitin is present in the inner cell wall of immature spores via calcofluor white staining(2012).Zoospores attach to receptors on the surface of its host ,penetrating its surface with a germ tube before developing a naked multinucleate sporangium (Jones and Pang 2012)It is theorised that the uptake of nutrients is via phagocytosis (Powell 1984), however this is not known to be true of all Rozella. Zoospores form inside the host before being explosive discharged from exit papillae(Jones and Pang 2012) . Jones et al's observation of Cryptomycota cells show a certain similarity to the life-cycle of Rozella.Three life stage cycles were observed (fig 2), a zoosporic uniflagelate morph ,a non-flagellate cyst morph and a parasitic morph where the organism is attached to a host diatom . Jones et al admit, however, that stages in the life-cycle are likely to have been missed in their study and due to the diversity of the Cryptomycota, the life-cycle is unlikely to represent the entirety of the group (2011). Chitin was not found in any of the stages observed (Jones et al 2011) FIG 2:Putative Cryptomycota skeleton life-cycle (Jones et al 2011)Are Cryptomycota fungi? The penguin dictionary of biology defines Fungi as a kingdom of eukaryotic primarilary acellular organisms typically organised into cylindrical hypha . Their nutrition is osmotrophic and never phagotrop hic . Hyphal walls are characterised by chitin and ? -glucans (2004). Cryptomycota differs greatly from this standard definition of a fungi by not processing a cell wall ,forming hyphae and is likely to be phagotrophic. There are other organisms that are included in the kingdom fungi that do not fit with these definitions .For example yeasts reproduce by budding and are not organised into hypha. Zoospores are a shared characteristic with zoosporic true fungi and in most phylogenies constructed Cryptomycota are basal to fungi. Information on the life cycle stages is incomplete , it is possible some examples of cryptomycota process a chitinous cell wall at some stage in their life-cycles (Jones et al 2011). As a lot is uncertain about the cryptomycota it is hard to include or exclude them from the kingdom fungi and it seems premature to dub them the most basal fungi .As James and Berbee suggest the loss of a chitinous cell wall may be a secondary adaptation to parasitism not indicatio n of a basal fungi (2012). Almost anything could be found and much needs to be before they can be defined as true fungi such as observation of cell division and determination whether members of cryptomycota are phagotrophic or not. What is certain that if this phylum is included in the kingdom fungi , the definition for the whole group must change.

Multimedia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multimedia - Essay Example That is because the work of a medical assistant is never done and requires a tremendous amount of paperwork and book-keeping in order to ensure a smoothly run office. However, I believe that there is one aspect of patient record keeping that will benefit from a multimedia advancement. Lets face it, a new client coming in for a consultation at the doctors office is still required to fill in the patient information card manually. This means that as a Medical Assistant, I would still have to manually input the information into the database after the first consultation. In such cases, there will be a tendency for me to overlook such files for record keeping due to the sheer volume of records and paperwork that I need to keep track of. It would greatly benefit the job and ensure the quick and easy access to patient files if the first time patients are asked to fill in an electronic form instead that automatically saves to the server in the doctors office along with other patient files. D oing so will eliminate the redundancy of having to manually input the same information into the computer when opportunity permits. By having such a program in existence, there will no longer be any lost records or delayed input of information. Rather, the patient will be able to accurately input his personal information and be assured of the confidentiality of his file since no one else but his doctor will be able to see the file on an immediate

Spankin children under 3years old Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Spankin children under 3years old - Essay Example ws believe that spanking a child below the age of three is irrelevant as some studies have stated that a child can not make a connection between the spanking and his or her poor behavior. They also view spanking as a primitive mode of punishment that should be abolished. This paper will analyze the two viewpoints and establish which one has more substance. One of the major differences between the two viewpoints is the fact that they both have a different definition of the term spanking. Depending on the method used, spanking can be abusive. A child should only be spanked with a bare hand on a clothed bottom. This does not inflict any damage to the child’s body, however, is painful enough to let him or her know that he has done something wrong. Children tend to be less attentive when there are no consequences to their actions. In addition, they tend to learn more from practical experiences. Children do not repeat things that inflict a little pain on them and at the appropriate age spanking could be a good disciplinary tool. The opposing views however claim that spanking motivates children to fight and hit others. This however is a misconception, as do not analyze things in this viewpoint. Children simply feel they have been punished for doing something wrong. They rarely dwell on the fact that they have been hit. This is different to abuse when children are beaten for no reason. In addition, spanking children will not encourage them to hit others the same way grounding will not motivate them to ground other children. The decision to spank a child is clearly a decision of the parents and not other external sources. Intervention may only be taken to protect a child not regulate how families decide to raise their children. It is ethically incorrect to legally ban spanking, as it is an invasion of the family’s privacy. When parents decide to spank their child, it is an act of discipline and love intended to improve a child’s character for the future. Hence,

Various Institutions of Social Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Various Institutions of Social Structure - Essay Example The Conflict Paradigm applies in this scenario as the institutions in place in New Orleans were for the protection of the wealthy while the poor were exploited. After the hurricane had passed, the pictures coming out of the city showed the plight of poor, mostly African American, and this further strengthened the Conflict Paradigm. When FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) started giving out help, it required that aid recipients register online or through an 800 number. Once again the social structure favored those with an internet or phone connection and those really needing the aid had no way to ask for it. In the months following the Hurricane, as New Orleans was being resettled, the rich and the wealthy were the first to return while the poor are still struggling and living as refugees all over the country. This, once again, only reinforces the conflict paradigm. 1b) According to the Functionalist Paradigm the â€Å"member of the society see the social structure as legitimate and therefore strive to maintain that social structure.† The Functionalist Paradigm sees the social structure as being stable and in equilibrium and its members striving to maintain the status quo. Post-Katrina was a time of rapid change in New Orleans. The social structure quickly moved to a balanced stable society and the various social institutions chipped in to help rebuild the city. However, once a certain level of stability had been achieved, i.e. once a certain number of citizens had returned and resumed their normal life, the stabilization process slowed down. This resulted in a new equilibrium being set in the post-Katrina New Orleans.

Easy Proposal Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Easy - Thesis Proposal Example Interviews and questionnaires will be used to obtain primary data, while financial statements will be used to obtain secondary data. The increased collapse of companies led to an increase in the number of legislation passed to protect businesses and the interests of shareholders (AICPA 6). This has led to an increase in creative accounting, which is the manipulation of financial statements by accountants using their knowledge, in a way that is within the legal restrictions (Beidleman 655). Without rotation of auditors, and with accountants being under the command of managers, they can manipulate them to produce financial statements that do not portray the true and fair view of a firm’s financial performance (Hanno 135). There are various reasons advanced to explain why firms engage in creative accounting. These include a company trying to hide its poor performance in a particular year, or when it is avoiding takeovers (DeZoort, Hermanson and Houston 179). Accounting standards have been revised to try curbing unethical issues in financial statement preparation and improving their integrity. However, managers and accountants have found ways of navigating this regulation; remain within the confines of the law, and produce financial statement that do not reflect the actual position of a company. This has led to such companies experiencing financial strain and others collapsing. The purpose of this study is to find out the impacts that creative accounting has on a company’s financial health. The study will give an insight on the consequences of creative accounting and the negative effects the practice may have on a company’s on-going and future performance. Various scholars have studied different aspects of creative accounting. According to Beasley, creative accounting is used to influence market expectations and increase consumers’ and investors’ confidence in a firm (450).

The Leadership Self Assessment and Reflective Assignment Essay

The Leadership Self Assessment and Reflective Assignment - Essay Example Assessment type: The Survey Were you surprised by your findings? The purpose of planning and implementing ‘the survey’ as a strategy and method of assessment is effective in finding out specific information concerning specific populations or audiences. Whether it is an ordinal Likert scale of quantitative analysis or a nominal scale survey analyzing societal demographics, I have started, again, to realize that I am a part of the important population and audience that has shared meaning within society. However, I am also part of a dialectic society that must continuously and consistently try to maintain ethics, value, budgets, and integrity amongst dynamic change and norm/value diversity and adversity. When participating in a survey or assisting to design a survey, I am practicing strategies in participatory management. Interestingly, the planning, designing, and completion of a survey does result in surprising results. Therefore, the answer to the initial question is â⠂¬Å"yes†. I am surprised by the results of a survey†¦in which results are swift, unexplained, and blunt. Assessment type: The Interviews Have the findings changed your behavior in any way? The assessment technique of the ‘participatory interview’ process is not only intimidating, but interesting and thought provoking. In a sense, conducting an interview as a researcher or employer or, in turn, responding to the assessment questions as an interviewee are both critical components of the participatory decision-making procedures called ‘The Interview’. The conceptual nature of interview assessment is multi-faceted. Is it an example of situational inquiry, where someone simply needs to ask questions concerning the management of a situation and a response is required? Or is the interview assessment the important component of proactive, collaborative communication. I think the ‘narrative interview’ process is an important component and demo nstration of the communication skills of good listening and effective speaking. Therefore, in answering the question†¦ â€Å"Were there changes in behavior as result of the prospective findings†? Yes, narrative and situational interviews, as well as the basic job interviews, have the effective ability to put both the interviewer and respondent in positions of control and empowerment. There is a consciousness of appearance and intellectual perspectives; self-awareness, multi intelligences, and moments of reflexivity emerge within the context – the time and space – of the interview. Approaches to inquiry, whether personal or professional, often create symbiotic relationships. Both the interviewer and the respondent can exercise the concept of shared, purposive meaning, assessing if there are common values, purposes, and perspectives. As a very authentic Headmaster demonstrating leadership and management abilities once stated, â€Å"†¦ the endless commit tees and endless debates about process, I still want people involved†¦I seek its voice all the time† (R. Evans 232). Assessment type: The Questionnaire Interesting thing about questionnaires, they are a strategic method in which I’ve been allowed to be creative and innovative in the approaches to

The Christian Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The Christian Tradition - Essay Example Such worldwide reports as noted by Dr. Amin Abboud are: In Dusselford, in July 2001, German doctors reported that a patient’s own bone marrow adult stem cells were used to regenerate tissue damaged by a heart attack, improving his heart function. US doctors have taken adult stem cells from the brain of a patient with Parkinson’s disease and reimplanted them resulting in an 83% improvement in the patient. Washington Medical Centre treated 26 patients with rapidly deteriorating multiple sclerosis, twenty patients stabilized and six improved. Israeli doctors inserted adult blood stem cells into a paraplegic woman’s spinal cord. She regained bladder control and the ability to wiggle her toes and mover her legs. Surgeons in Taiwan have restored vision to a patient with severe eye damage using stem cells from the patient’s own eyes (2). However, with their highly optimistic battle to fight diseases, developing wise and ethically sound decisions in the field of m edical science is very challenging especially in the midst of increasingly complex technology. While adult stem cells therapy has proven to be effective in treating diseases, medical scientists’ ongoing research of developing new field of regenerative medicine through pursuing other ways of harvesting stem cells resulted to formation of the new avenue called â€Å"Embryonic Stem Cell†. This recent development has stirred considerable controversies. But why this becomes so controversial? Stem cell research has shown great promising treatment in some devastating diseases. Taking a closer look at the different kinds of stem cells and defining how they are derived will help us understand why this subject is so controversial. As reported by the National Institutes of Health in the United States (NIH), adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ such as bone marrow, blood and blood vessels, brain, skeletal muscle, skin, h eart, teeth, liver, and others. It has the ability to renew itself and can differentiate into tissues to generate some or all of the other major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ other than those from which they came. So, the main roles of adult stem cells in human body are to maintain and repair the tissue of which they are found. Actually, doctors have been using stem cells to treat certain blood disorders which involved transplantation of bone marrow, which is rich in blood-forming stem cells (Homepage chap 4). Thus, adult stem cells are obtained from living humans, either adults or children, wherein the process of extraction is not harmful. Stem cells are being taken from their bone marrow, blood and blood vessels, skin, spinal cord, brain tissue and also from umbilical-cord blood and the placenta after the birth of a child. Additionally, NIH explained that adult stem cells isolated from blood and bone marrow are called hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which have the ability to continually self-renew that made them responsible for production of billions of new blood cells each day. Since scientists have developed sufficient knowledge for using them as a therapy, doctors are routinely using hematopoietic stem cell transplants in treating cancer patients and other diseases related to blood and immune systems (chap 5). NIH additionally noted that normally amount of stem cells in

Toothbrush with Unique Double-lock Mechanism Case Study

Toothbrush with Unique Double-lock Mechanism - Case Study Example Thomas also believed that by replacing toothbrushes regularly, patients could save more money in dental work and would then decrease their chances of needing dentures, and that improved oral hygiene could increase a person's life expectancy to four years, as his studies showed. Thus, Butler and Thomas then agreed that a market existed for a toothbrush that could attend to these issues and decided to follow through with their idea. Butler and Thomas wanted to produce a toothbrush, which was similar to the safety razor, which was at the time, very widely used. They wanted it to have two separate sections: a re-usable handle, and a disposable head. The disposable heads would be in multi-unit packages to encourage customers to frequently change the toothbrush and to lower the costs of packaging as well, since they have discovered that the packaging costs were around 50 percent of the total toothbrush price. Butler and Thomas also felt that the retainable handle would then elevate the concept of toothbrushing to something of a higher value personal possession instead of just the regular disposable one. Thus, they came up with the idea that the handles could be personalized using a variety of materials like plastic, brass, or stainless steel. It could also have floss holders, mirrors, interproximal brushes, or gum massagers. In addition to this, they thought of marketing bathrrom holders or travel cases. However, Butler and Thomas then discovered that there were already a number of toothbrushes out in the market that catered to the needs they wanted to attack. But they found out that these toothbrushes had disadvantages when it comes to the locking of the head to the handle. As a result, they concentrated their efforts on developing a better locking mechanism. Butler tried a lot of approaches but they all posed different disadvatages: they were either too weak, too difficult to attach, or too expensive. But in May 1987, while travelling with Julie McBride, Butler suddenly thought of the idea of the double-locking mechanism, which consisted of two locking mechanisms that would make the head stick to the handle safely. This design also enabled the consumers to constantly check if the lock was in place. Butler then took his rough sketch of the design to an engineering firm in London, which then produced a prototype for him. Addressing Issues Despite his success in coming up with the double-lock mechanism idea, he was confronted with several issues that he needed to address. With regards to the feasibility of manufacturing the product, they had to consider the following: product style, types of models required, engineering specifications, collapsibility, and tolerances in tool requirements, and aesthetic appeal of the product to the consumers. These were the aspects of the concept of the product that they have yet to resolve. The Process Butler knew that after the prototype has been made, that there were still a lot of steps for him to do, to ensure that the

Tax Planning And Tax Avoidance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tax Planning And Tax Avoidance - Essay Example Taxation is a major tool to drive the economics in the certain direction. Young and Guenther studied the relationship in the context of the mobility of capital in international level and Sun studied the efficiency of capital allocation. However, all these require that the financial reporting to be reliable, accurate, transparent, comparable and true representative of business conditions. International Financial Reporting Standards is mandated to be adopted as the financial reporting system in the EU countries for the listing companies. Barth, Landsman, & Lang and others have reported an improvement in the accounting information with the adoption of IFRS. Samuel, & Obiamaka in a paper stated that IFRS system of accounting as the base for tax will drive the tax accounting to generate the real economic value of the company. This provides greater opportunity to explore the real taxable income for the company. Use of IFRS increases the chances of them being listed in other countries. Use of the comparable system of IFRS across the broad would reduce the chances of measures taken by the company for tax avoidance to be overlooked. Another argument in favor of the adoption of IFRS states that it would result in the increased involvement of audit committee in addition to the other level of management. This will increase the double check facility for the audit committee as companies will not be available with an opportunity to avoid tax by claiming that reporting of a transaction is in accordance with the rules.

Class distinctions and dating Essay Example for Free

Class distinctions and dating Essay Willie Mossop started off at the beginning of this play as a shoemaker, in Hobsons Cellar. He was of a low class and had great potential but little ambition. His first step was when Mrs Hepworth said that she only wants her shoes to be made by Willie. The next step towards his final personality was when Maggie proposed to marry him. He then went off with Maggie and started off his own business and then, not only did he stand up to Hobson, his former master, but he also stood up to Maggie, his own wife. In this coursework I intend to explore the play from the perspective of Willie Mossops development. The shop windows and entrance from street occupy the left side. Facing the audience is the counter  The play starts off with a rather long description of the settings in the shop. This is because Harold Brighouse is making sure that the play should be in an entirely realistic scenery.  The first impression that we get of the family relationship is that the three daughters are quite friendly towards each other but together they all are against their father, Hobson. Maggie is the eldest of the children, all of whom are not yet married. Maggie has a stubborn nature and acts like a mother to the other two girls. She is strict, confident and she is very persuasive especially when she manages to get Albert out of the shop when it was very obvious in her mind that he wanted to speak to Alice. Hobson is fifty-five, successful, coarse, florid   When Hobson enters then for the first time we see the first time we see the whole family together. We can instantly tell that it is the girls that do the work in the shop and Hobson does nothing. His intention was to go to the Moonrakers which he usually spends most of the day, rather than working in the shop or being at home. He then feels very concerned about his family name, and about the daughters uppishness and bumptiousness so he doesnt go to the Moonrakers.  We see the three daughters dressed in nice clothes during the play. I find it hard to believe that Hobson actually cares about his daughters but rather he thinks that it is good for the business for the workers to wear nice clothes. When Hobson laughs at the thought of Maggie getting married and refers to her as being shelved, it is probable that she has been so busy looking after Hobson and her sisters that she did not have the time to get married.  The start of Willies success was when Mrs Hepworth comes in and instructs that her shoes are only going to be made by Willie. She then instructs further that she wants Willie to tell her if he is to ever move shops. During this episode Hobson manages to make a fool out of himself on numerous occasions. Firstly he tries to take the credit on himself, and then thinking the shoes were faulty made a further idiot out of himself. She then turns to Maggie ignoring Hobson and succeeds in getting an answer out of her. From this we see Mrs Hepworth as an upper class women and a well-respected customer in the Hobson shop. It is interesting to note that contrary to the belief of the times (that the husband was supposed to be in charge) Brighouse shows Maggie to champion the female sex and have total control over her husband. He cleverly reverses the commanding role from Willie to Maggie and represents her as the master of the house. Right from the beginning we see that Maggie has a very commanding and persuasive personality and as we move through the play we see Maggies persuasive nature winning. As she moves from minor things such as convincing Albert Prosser that he needed a new pair of boots to the outrageous act of marrying Willie and dismissing Ada Figgins whilst he was tokened to her. MAGGIE: Will Mossop, you take orders from me in this shop. Ive told you youll wed me.  WILLIE: Seems like theres no escape.  This was an innovative concept for those ages, for the daughter of a middle class bootmaker to marry a working class craftsman employed by her father. The social tradition was to marry into your own class or higher but certainly not into a lower class.  Another matter equally radical was her betrothal conflicting with her fathers views. It was particularly unusual in that period to marry without the consent and approval of ones parents. Here however Maggie exercises her views and would like to marry Willie Mossop ignoring all the social customs concerning class distinctions and dating. ALICE: I know, and if youre afraid to speak your thoughts, Im not. Look here, Maggie, what you do touches us and youre mistaken if you think Ill own Willie Mossop for my brother-in-law.MAGGIE: Is there supposed to be some disgrace in him?  ALICE: You ask father if theres disgrace. And look at me I had hopes of Albert Prosser till this happened.  MAGGIE: Youll marry Albert Prosser when hes able and that will be when he starts spending less on laundry bills and hair cream. Here we see her strong views concerning the elitists of the upper class. She strongly believes that they shouldnt be treated especially well because they have money, power and influence, unlike her sisters who grow into and marry upper class members. Maggie has clearly displayed her view on the stupidity of spending large sums of money on hair cream and laundry bills. The lower classes were unaccustomed to spending extensive amounts on these luxuries. She displays the honesty of her opinion by marring Willie, to the disgust of her relatives and succeeding to succeed over her father.

Is employee job satisfaction important for success

Is employee job satisfaction important for success Happy employees are productive employees. Happy employees are not productive employees. The topic of employee attitude and job attitude has always been a debatable and confused topic among practitioners even though during periods when employees are being referred to as valuable asset for organizational success and competitiveness. Employees have attitudes or viewpoints about many aspects of their jobs, their careers, and their organisations. However, from the perspective of research and practice, the most focal employee attitude is job satisfaction. The most-used research definition of job satisfaction is by Locke (1976), who described it as a state which is enjoyable or positive that results from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences. Implicit in Lockes definition is the importance of both affect, or feeling, and cognition, or thinking. Organisations are social systems where human resources are regarded as the most key elements for effectiveness and efficiency. In order to achieve their goals and objectives organisations require efficient managers and employees. Without their personnel efforts and commitment success cannot be achieved by these organisations. Job satisfaction is critical to retaining and attracting well-qualified personnel. Employee job satisfaction can be described as an attitude that employees have about their organisation and job. Methodologically, it can be said that job satisfaction is an employees emotional response which can be compared between actual outcomes and preferred outcomes (Mosadeghrad, 2003b). One of the greatest challenge facing service organisations is possibly pursue for quality service. (Sohal, 1994). Thus finding ways for maintaining and improving service quality is necessary. (Bitner et al., 1994). In the recent years it has been noticed that the effects of many human resource development factors on business performance has been extensively discussed in business research literature. In service industries, where services are often characterised by an encounter between service providers and customers, the quality and capability of the service providers have a direct, significant effect on the service delivery process and customer satisfaction. The initial interaction, having a great influence on how customers evaluate the service quality, has been better known as the moment of truth as customers start to form their opinion and expectation of the service delivery experience (Normann, 1984). This brief encounter can be vital in achieving a reputation for higher quality and continuous business. 2.2 PERFORMANCE What is performance? Performance is the result of achieving organisational objectives; a yardstick of success. Porter (1980) asserts that the basis of above average performance in the long run is sustainable competitive advantage. 2.2.1 Measuring performance Performance measurement is necessary because it enables firms to take a snapshot of current activity to assess their progress and help refocus strategy. Furthermore the company makes information available for evaluation to be undertaken. Records of past sales levels, calls achieved, expense levels, etc. facilitate comparison and provide trends that can be used for evaluation and setting of goals. Most companies use a combination of input (behavioural) and output measures to evaluate their sales forces. (Oliver, R.L. and Anderson, E. (1994). Specific output measures for individual salespeople include the following: The problems arise in deciding the criteria by which performance should be measured. The customers judge quality on a range of objective and subjective issues which are often difficult to pin down. Employee attitude, for example, was ranked as the most important critical success factor to hotel companies, but is difficult to measure accurately. 2.3 Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction is related to customer loyalty Service providers are expected to increase their service value over time because customers today are very knowledgeable in seeking out new service alternatives and will defect if they are just merely satisfied. Very satisfied customers were found to be six times more likely to repurchase than those who were just satisfied ( Jones and Sasser, 1995). Other studies, such as Gummesson (1993) and Storbacka et al. (1994), also discussed the link between satisfaction and loyalty. 2.4 Job satisfaction and job performance The study of the link between job satisfaction and job performance has a controversial history. The Hawthorne studies, conducted in the 1930s, are often credited with making researchers aware of the effects of employee attitudes on performance. Shortly after the Hawthorne studies, researchers began taking a critical look at the notion that a happy worker is a productive worker. Most of the earlier reviews of the literature suggested a weak and somewhat inconsistent relationship between job satisfaction and performance. However, further research does not agree with this conclusion. Organ (1988) suggests that the failure to find a strong relationship between job satisfaction and performance is due to the narrow means often used to define job performance. Organ argued that when performance is defined to include important behaviors not generally reflected in performance appraisals, such as OCB, its relationship with job satisfaction improves. In addition, in a more recent and comprehensive review of 301 studies, Judge, Thoresen, Bono, and Patton (2001) found that when the correlations are appropriately corrected (for sampling and measurement errors), the average correlation between job satisfaction and job performance is a higher .30. In addition, the link between job satisfaction and performance was found to be even higher for complex (e.g., professional) jobs than for less complex jobs. Thus, contrary to earlier reviews, it does appear that job satisfaction is, in fact, predictive of performance, and the relationship is even stronger for professional jobs. 2.5 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ATTITUDES, PERFORMANCE AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Past research has found positive but weak relationships between employees job-related attitudes and performance (Iaffaldano and Muchinsky 1990). Recent research has included customer satisfaction as a correlate of employee attitudes and performance, stressing the importance of quality service to organisational achievement (Wiley 1990, Zeithaml et al., 1985). In todays competitive marketplace, organization effectiveness depends on understanding what customers value and communicating this understanding to employees in the form of employee-performance goals and expectations. (Crom 1994, Heskett et al.,1994) In another study of relationships between organisational performance, customer satisfaction, and employee attitudes, (Wiley 1990) studied data from over 200 retail stores. He found that, overall, those stores most favourably described by employees were those most favourably described by customers. In particular, customer satisfaction ratings were strongly and positively related to employees descriptions of key aspects of their working environment, especially working conditions, minimum obstacles to accomplishing their work, and a strong sense that supervisors and co-workers stress customer service. A number of employee attitude dimensions were related to customer satisfaction. One such employee attitudinal dimension was effective communication. Thus this study concerns examining relationships between employee attitudes, performance, and customer satisfaction over time. The goal is to determine the extent to which employee attitudes distinguish between departments and the extent to which these differences are associated with productivity, administrative effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. In general, it is hypothesized that work groups differ in employee attitudes and that these differences relate to recently achieved performance and customer satisfaction and also predict future performance and customer satisfaction. 2.6 Defining attitude Secord and Beckman (1969, p. 167) defined attitudes as an individuals feelings, judgment and predispositions which helps to behave in accordance to his environment. Arnold et al. (1995) indicated that attitudes reflect a persons tendency to feel, think or behave in a positive or negative manner towards the object of the attitude. According to Elizur and Guttman (1976), attitudes toward change in general consist of a persons cognitions about change, affective reactions to change, and behavioral tendency toward change. Positive attitudes to change were found to be vital in achieving organizational goals and in succeeding in change programmes (Eby et al., 2000; Martin, 1998; Kotter, 1996; Gilmore and Barnett, 1992). 2.6.1 Indicators of employee attitude The concept of the employees attitudes encompasses a wide range of organisational phenomena (Loscocco and Roschelle, 1991). However, the most significant aspect of this study is the view that employees attitudes are the extent to which people of the organisation are able to meet the essential individual needs through their experience to give better performance. There are various employees attitudes that have been selected for inclusion in this study and they will be discussed further. 2.7 Job Satisfaction The first major cause that will be addressed is job satisfaction. In general, HR practitioners recognise the value of the work condition as a cause of employee attitudes, and it is an area HR can help influence through organisational programs and management practices. In addition, one of the most important areas of the work situation is to influence the work itself and it is often overlooked by practitioners when addressing job satisfaction. Currie (2001) suggests that satisfaction is linked to level to which an individual is satisfied with terms and conditions of employment and the factors relates to the physical work environment. For example, an employee may be satisfied with its pay and their relationship with their peers at work or are satisfied with company policy. Job satisfaction is generally known as a versatile construct which encompasses employee feelings about a range of both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements. It includes essential elements of satisfaction related to work conditions, pay, supervision, promotion, relationship with co-workers and organisational practices. (Misener et al., 1996). As stated, the work situation also matters in terms of job satisfaction and organisation impact. Contrary to some commonly held practitioner beliefs, the most notable situational impact on job satisfaction is the nature of the job itself-often called intrinsic job characteristics. Research studies across many years, organisations, and types of jobs indicate that employees give more importance to the nature of the work itself when asked to evaluate different facets of their job such as supervision, pay, promotion opportunities, coworkers, and so forth. (Judge Church, 2000; Jurgensen, 1978). This is not to say that good salary or effective supervision is not important but rather much more consideration should be given to job satisfaction by ensuring that work is interesting and challenging as possible. Of all the main criteria of job satisfaction the works nature involves job challenge, autonomy, variety and scope with other key results like employee retention. (e.g., Fried Ferris, 1987; Parisi Weiner, 1999; Weiner, 2000). Thus, to understand what causes people to be satisfied with their jobs, the nature of the work itself is one of the first places for practitioners to focus on. 2.7.1 Employee satisfaction Employee satisfaction is often referred to as job satisfaction. This is to say that employee needs and wants are satisfied when they perceive certain rewards from the organisation, including compensation, promotion, recognition, development, and meaningful work, meet or exceed their expectation (Hackman and Oldham, 1980). The next general point to look at is the notion of wellbeing at work, which (Peccei, 2004) suggests concern an overall sense of happiness, physical and mental health of the workforce. (Currie, 2001). However Warr (2002) argues that job-related wellbeing refers to peoples satisfaction with their jobs in terms of facets like pay, colleagues, supervisors, working conditions, job security, training opportunities, involvement, team working and the nature of the work undertaken. Among determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. 2.8 Leadership Style Among the different factors of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is a management function, which is mostly aimed at people and social interaction, as well as motivating people so that they will work towards achieving organizations goals. (Skansi, 2000). Organization believes that their success is in achieving its goals and objectives and this depends on the managers and their leadership style. By adopting the needed leadership style managers can influence job satisfaction, commitment and productivity of employees. Leadership style can be categorized as a variety of characteristics and skills, behaviors and managerial attitudes which are based on individual and organizational values. (Mosadeghrad, 2003b). It is the ability of the leader to motivate employees do perform to the maximum and is also the extent to which workers are respected, operation is done with honesty and integrity, promotion of efficiency and having open lines of communicationwith employees (Aronson et al., 2003). Leadership styles comprises of autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership (Mosadeghrad 2003b, 2004). If can be noticed that it is not that a certain style of leadership should necessary result in successful organisational behavior. There is need of different styles for different situations and leaders should know which approach to adopt. A leader may have the skills to act effectively in a particular situation but may not able to perform so in another context. A lot of research stem from research on transformational and charismatic leadership, which have been found to positively affect followers performance and attitudes (Bass and Avolio, 1993 and Shamir et al., 1993). According to Bass (1990, p. 21), transformational leadership takes place when leaders expand and promote the interests of their employees, when they create awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they encourage their employees to work towards the benefit of the group and not for their own self interest. Howell and Frost (1989) found that individuals working under a charismatic leader had higher task performance, task satisfaction, and lower role conflict. 2.9 Employee Commitment The concept of organisational commitment refers to a persons affective reactions to characteristics of his employing organization. (Cook and Wall, 1980) Commitment is an internalised employee belief, often associated with soft HRM and a high-trust organisational culture (Mathews and Shepherd, 2002) and is frequently associated with an exchange relationship between the employer and employee. From the point of view of employees, they commit to an organisation in return for certain rewards, which can be extrinsic (salary) and intrinsic (belonging, job satisfaction). Legge (1995) suggests that the attitude conceptualisation suggests that dedicated employees have confidence on the organisations goals and values, show enthusiasm to put maximum effort and have a strong will to stay with the organization. As such, affective commitment is viewed as an employees positive attachment to the employing organisation and a willingness to contribute towards the attainment of organisational goals (Mowday et al., 1979). Employees with high organisational commitment are more willing to put more effort in a change project and, therefore, it is more likely to develop positive attitudes towards organizational change. (Iverson, 1996; Guest, 1987). Furthermore, employee satisfaction has been positively correlated to service quality, which was then linked to increased customer satisfaction (Pugh et al., 2002). Customer satisfaction has been linked with the financial performance of the company, suggesting that employee satisfaction is linked to financial performance (Terzo, 2005). Further research has shown that satisfied employees have a positive impact on the companys profits (Jakobson Rauch, 2005). Different variables from employees all link to the customer, which links to the companys profitability and revenue growth (Pugh et al., 2002). Employee voice has been viewed as an aspect of high commitment HRM, and it is considered essential that workers should have the opportunity to express their grievances openly and independently, in addition to being able to contribute to management decision making on task-related issues (Gould-Williams, 2004). Thus it can be said that business success requires more than just satisfied and loyal employees. Instead, it demands the kind of employees who are willing to serve as advocates for the organisation that is committed employees. So, employee commitment represents employee dedication to help the company to achieve its goals. It includes manifests like dedication to doing work of high quality, commitment to resolving customers problems, the investment of adequate time and effort in the work and the will to recommend the companys products and services. 2.10 Job involvement Job involvement is likely to be affected by aspects of organisational culture. Job involvement is important because of well-established associations with a range of organisational outcome (Gray et al., 2003). It is also found that employees who are more involved in jobs are more satisfied with their jobs and can be expected to be more committed to their organization (ODriscoll and Randall, 1999). Employees who are highly committed towards their organization are more likely to stay than those who are relatively uncommitted (Tett and Meyer, 1993). Employee attachment is an important determinant in predicting organizational success. They describe attachment as having a strong affective component-the degree to which the customer or employee has a positive emotional connection with the organisation. It is believed that the way employees are treated (HR practices) leads to a shared employee mind set. This, in turn, leads employees to behave in ways (employee practices) that contribute to a customer mindset that, in turn, contributes to a retention and attraction of customers and the resultant competitive advantage. Therefore, job satisfaction and job involvement are attitudes which are determined by individuals perceptions of their total job situations, including the physical work environment, the terms and conditions of their employment and the degree to which they are given autonomy, responsibility, authority and empowerment in their jobs (Kersley et al., 2006) Thus Organisations that promote and maintain commitment, job satisfaction and work-life balance satisfaction (wellbeing) of their employees through the implementation of high commitment HRM practices will benefit most by superior organisational outcomes and productivity through establishing long-term relationships of support and trust with employees. Organisations that do not pay attention to employee wellbeing at work will have in the long term to deal with the effects of less productive employees. 2.11 Career satisfaction Career satisfaction was included since such satisfaction refers to overall affective reaction of individuals to their career (Greenhaus et al., 1990). It is reasonable to expect that high levels of career satisfaction would enhance organisational commitment since employees who are satisfied with their careers should perceive greater benefits in retaining membership in their organization than employees whose career have been less gratifying (Igbaria and Greenhaus, 1992). 2.12 Big five The big five model include five dimensions of personality traits. These traits are useful in determining the behaviour of individuals. These are: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience. Furnham (1997) found that extrovert persons are highly motivated by intrinsic factors. It has been seen that extrovert person would respond more quickly to rewards than introverts. There are other examples that shows how personality traits may affect attitudes is an individual openness to experiences and this allow them to be more innovative and thus more satisfied with their job. (Furnham et al., 2005). Conscientiousness is viewed in earlier findings and suggests that this trait is a constant indicator of job satisfaction. (Furnham et al., 2002). This influence can be explained as conscientious individuals are prone to greater level of intrinsic and extrinsic reward as they are well organized therefore continuously increasing job satisfaction. 2.13 Motivation Herzberg et al.s (1959) two-factor theory of motivation stated that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are two separate entities caused by different facets of work and they were labeled as hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are categorized as extrinsic factors of job design that add to employee dissatisfaction when not met. Some examples are: supervision, working conditions, company policies, salary, and relations with co-workers. On the other hand motivators are intrinsic to the job and include achievement, development, responsibility and recognition. There is a very old discussion on whether hygiene factors do contribute to job satisfaction. (Furnham et al., 1999; Warr, 1987). 2.14 Managing Employee Negative Attitudes Managers can influence employees in having positive attitudes. Employees should understand behaviours so as to help them to change their attitudes. There should be the will to implement changes even if certain disagree with the idea. Moreover the organisation must focus on opportunities rather than concentrating on maters that is not working. Like this negative attitudes can be controlled to a certain extent. 2.15 Constraints to achieving positive employee attitude It is said that everyone should have a positive attitude. In practice it is really difficult to maintain a positive attitude every time. Whenever a problem arises, change in attitude is obvious to such an extent that having negative attitude cannot be avoided. Lacking positive attitude is the basis cause of stress, worry, demoralisation, nervousness and depression. Nowadays almost everybody is in tension. Employees are tensed because of job dissatisfaction. 2.16 Conclusion The literatures conducted can be summarised with the use of a conceptual framework as shown below: Figure 2.1: The conceptual framework This framework helps to determine all the factors that do indeed leads to the development of positive attitudes of the employees. The main attributes being job satisfaction followed by leadership style and employee commitment. These factors in turn lead to organisational performance and thus the success of the organisation. In this context performance is mainly measured through customer satisfaction which is considered to be crucial for any organisation. Thus it can be said that there do exist a relationship between employee attitudes and performance as it has proved in the above literatures.

SWOT Analysis of Singapore Tourism

SWOT Analysis of Singapore Tourism Tourism is at its rapid expanding stage which most of people now in the 21th century are traveling and visiting attractions all around the world. There are so many states which are Africa, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia, within all this region there are so many countries and states that can be counted as a tourism destination and attraction as long as it is accessible to people there will be tourist. Singapore has one of the largest service sectors in tourism. For Singapore to take this advantage as a tourism destination, it has contributed 3% of Singapores GDP which has generated some of US$ 9.4 billion. Being one of the most popular countries in Asia, Singapore has been growing very rapidly for the past few years. With the help of the tourism industry, it has strengthened the infrastructure developments, in addition of various events and the countries strategic location in the heart of region. This shows how much the role of tourism industry can play in Singapores economy. To ensure that tourism remains a key economic pillar, a bold target, Tourism 2015, was unveiled in the year 2005. The objectives of Singapore is to triple the tourism receipts to US$ 30 Billion, doubling visitor arrivals to 17 Million, and creating an additional 100,000 jobs in the services sector by 2015, according to Opportunities in Singapore Tourism Industry (2007-2009). Having all these advantages, the n egatives are also a factor to look at so by doing this research; I will have a better view on the impacts, advantages and disadvantages. http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/463815/opportunities_in_singapore_tourism_industry_2007 1.3 Literature Review In the few books I have read like Tourism in South-East Asia, Tourism impacts, planning and management and Tourism management: managing for change. These books are written by the following authors Peter Manson, Michal Hitchcock and Stephen Page. The content of the book have the different kinds of effects from tourism and changes countries have to face and how can they cope with it. I felt that many of the fact that are stated in the books are very agreeable like in the Tourism impacts, planning and management book written by Peter Mason The impacts of tourism can be positive or beneficial, but also negative or detrimental. Whether impacts are perceived as positive or negative depends on the value position and judgment of the observer of the impacts. This shows that no matter how people research on any of the impacts there are always another way to view positive to a negative and negative to a positive. For the Tourism management: managing for change by Stephen Page quoting It is wide ly recognized that a range of factor impact upon the success or failure of visitor attractions as tourism enterprises. This has to be viewed against growing visitor expectations during their visit and the need for attractions to improve standards in many countries worldwide. what I have understood is the tourist has ever changing taste and to keep up countries have to upgrade or maintain what they have now or they would lose out. By using the research question expanding the search of the topic would be a clearer view of achieving the objective. 1.4 Source of information Tourism is now a very vase integrated subject involving many sectors. So by researching information on Books like Tourism in South-East Asia, Tourism impacts, planning and management and Tourism management: managing for change the books tells how and what are the different situations. The other source would be from the internet where I can find millions of information regarding tourism and destinations. Using the search engine Google I would search the key word from: Tourism Impact, Singapore tourism, future of Singapore 2015. With just these few words I am able to get a few data on tourism. Because of a limitation of time I can only use the secondary research data on all that are done. Questions 1 What makes Singapore a popular tourism destination? 2 What are the challenges faced by Singapore as a tourism destination? 3 What are the impacts of tourism? 4 How will Singapore maintain its popularity in the future? Objectives To analyze what attracts tourist to Singapore and why To understand what challenges faced by Singapore in attracting tourist Evaluating impacts of tourism on Singapore To find what Singapore will do to keep up with other countries in the future. 1. What makes Singapore a popular tourism destination? Although Singapore is a small country, the amount of entertainment is compatible to other countries. Being one of the leading tourist destinations in Asia and with millions of visits every year, Singapore is also popular for business traveling destination because of the large number of exhibitions and conferences are organized every month in Singapore. A destination is a place which is created for a purpose, that is what Singapore have done they have created a destination where tourist comes to visit. The following attractions are made or modified in a way so that it can accommodate people. To stay popular Singapore have keep up with the trend of others and improving and expanding it. Examples like allowing casinos to be built when the pass few years which has been denied many times. The main categories of the popularity in Singapore now are listing bellow: -Attraction -Stability -economical -cosmopolitan -Events -Festival What I think is of how Singapore has to struggle to survive in the economic sense. Singapore have made it big and achieved a better economic structure but all these comes with a price they have to get a number of people to work in the attractions but also entertain the tourist so the number of people that are working in the tourism industry in Singapore is high resulting a high in reliance on tourism. SWOT part1 (S)trengths Leading tourist destinations in Asia popular for business traveling Rich in economy Safe (O)pportunities Strategic location Tourists arrivals Tourism receipts Outbound tourism Outbound tourism expenditure Medical tourism industry MICE industry (W)eaknesses Small country Limitations on amount of visitors Limited resources Manmade attractions Limited natural environment (T)hreats Countries mimic Terrorism 3 What are the impacts of tourism? 1.5 Methodology PESTE Political, economical, socio-cultural, technological, environmental The six elements of the tourism have is advantage however the disadvantage are high too in order to understand it we have to look at two different perspective which is the positive and negative. Everyone have different perspective no matter how good a situation is there is always a downside. (P)olitical Positive More order in country Improve diplomatic ties Negative Terrorism Strict reinforcement (E)conomic Positive Contributes to income and improve standard of living. Improves local economy Increases jobs that decreases unemployment rate Increases tax revenues. Improves infrastructures Increase investors http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_positive_economic_impacts_of_tourism Negative Increase in food, land, houses would be more expensive for the locals Part-time, semi-skilled, poor paid and taking away traditional jobs Seasonal jobs such as these could then possibly lead to high rates of unemployment. Dependent on the tourism Inflation Leakage (S)ocio-culture Positive Traditional art or handicraft result from tourist Responsible cultural tourism experience and understand new culture reduce negative perception tolerance integrated world culture pride Negative language barrier pick up bad habits cultural conflicts loss culture identity (T)echnological Positive improvement in technology improve in booking system which leads to easier booking so therefore a increase in tourism able to get information easily online Negative increase in scam might have a negative perspective on a country after reading reviews (E)nvironment Positive increase in national park for tourist limited damage / even limited damage still does damage increase awareness of maintaining nature partly because of profit because when maintained more tourist would come back to visit again http://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/envi/four.html Negative Pollution from more vehicles demand litters dropped by visitors disturbance of natural habitats and cause damages the landscape land clear for more attractions/ amenities heavy usage on resources 4. How will Singapore maintain its popularity in the future? Singapore to compete with other countries would be a challenge but it has made it. Being 1st in doing what others could not. Examples like that F1 Night race and the coming 2010 youth Olympics will be here 1st. The need for Singapore to stay competitive is the ideas that are made and are being able to be executed. In 2005 Minister for Trade and Industry, Mr. Lim Hng Kiang shows the planning that is being done to triple Tourism Receipts (TR) to S$30 billion, doubling visitor arrivals (VA) to 17 million, and creating an additional 100,000 jobs in the services sector by 2015. 1.6 Recommendations The current tourism situation in Singapore is doing quite well and achieving the 2015 would not be a problem with all the new attractions and events coming up. However currently there are advantages and disadvantages in Singapore, the advantage Singapore has now should be maintained and improved. The disadvantages should be overcome to be competitive in the future. ADVANTAGES counted the safeties country minimum crime (robbery, stabbing, riots, and protests) natural disaster harder hits Singapore cause of being surrounded by other countries DISADVANTAGES lack of service experience bad services strict laws high in tax 1.7 Analysis After doing all the research I have analyzed that tourism is like a product and there is the product life cycle and Singapore is at its growth stage and with the coming youth Olympic, the growth will increase because in the future there would be more new attractions like the two new integrated resorts and theme parks that comes with it to boost the economy. Although there still maybe a few disadvantages and negative impacts Singapore could improve and control on what is bad. Being a small country has its disadvantage but how different people look at it is that because it is small it is more easily manageable compared to a big country. To see it this way Singapore can increase the tourism weather now or in the future despite the negatives. I will do a further in depth study on the PEST and SWOT analysis to see it more in detailed. 1.8 Conclusion Singapore Tourist could be a very useful element in the countrys economic how ever there are many other reasons they can be helpful too. In my opinion best thing about tourism is mainly because of the economic that is why almost every country they are promoting tourism and trying to attract people to their country. Same thing goes to Singapore without tourism the country would lose three per cent of Singapores GDP and more than S$12 billion in tourism receipts. Looking at the PEST and SWOT analysis countries can help understand and improve the tourism and look after the locals so both party would not be affected in a bad way.

Dropout Intervention Essay -- Education, Dropout Prevention Programmin

Outcomes In Relation to EBD The literature indicates that outcomes for students with EBD were, by and large, positive and indicated that dropout interventions geared toward students with behavioral issues show some potential success for students. Sinclair, Christenson, & Thurlow (2005) found 44% of students within the treatment group with EBD as the primary special education qualifier were more likely to persist in school, whereas only 33% of students with EBD in the control group had the same likelihood. Researcher Remorse Hindsight and seeming regret in regard to measurement and study design weren’t uncommon across the literature. A pervasive â€Å"should have, would have, could have† existed among certain of the studies. The Vannest et al. (2009) study concluded with researchers lamenting the lack of a â€Å"quality measurement† in regard to the mentor-mentee interactions. The writers also bemoaned the study’s reliance on time units (that were not described), components of mentor-mentee interactions at school and via email, and, puzzlingly, a reliance on â€Å"measurable and observable data†. Both Munoz (2002) and Franklin et al. (2007) determined that without a control or comparison group, validity is shaky. However, none of the examined dropout prevention researchers were remorseful that the current span of literature didn’t consider race or gender in program design or measurement (including research projects explicitly aimed at students upon the basis of t heir race and/or gender). Mobility and Attrition Throughout the literature, mobility and it’s effect on student success rates in dropout prevention programming is noted but not consistently considered in the intervention findings, which is curious considering the possible dynamics... ...about the students we are supposed to provide with individualized, differentiated programming. Ninth, program interventions should consider implementing student involvement with planning, intervention, progress review, and goal discussion. Students who are in control of their own educational process foster ownership and responsibility for their future. Measuring the efficacy of such an approach for our target population could prove extremely beneficial, definitely informative. Tenth, making the realistic consequences of dropping out of school versus staying in school and graduating a more tangible concept for our target population appears to be a worthwhile undertaking. Vocational training programs and career mentoring could prove valuable for increasing graduation for our target population, and should definitely be examined.

Scales Of Justice :: Free Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scales of Justice shows a police force where there is a culture of corruption. The parts of the TV program that we saw were made up of two parts, The Job, and the Game. The Job is about a new probationary officer named Webber, and how he is forced to accept the corruption that occurs in the force, and ends up getting fired. The Game takes corruption to a new level involving higher powers such as MP’s and non-uniformed officers. They both are good examples of how it is a culture for them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The corruption that occurs in the Job is nothing unusual or abnormal, even to some of the higher ranked officers. Much of it involves accepting small bribes and breaching the code of conduct that is involved in being a policeman. For example, on more than on occasion, Sergeant Borland drinks and smokes while he is on duty. He then ended up influencing the new officer, Webber, to drink on duty. There is also an instance where Borland was offered an insufficient bribe so he locked the guy up and took him to court. He then influenced Webber to testify and say that he saw the man offer the bribe, which he didn’t see.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times it is shown that officers avoid crime because there is too much paperwork to go with it. While Webber and Borland were on duty, the saw a moving car collide with a parked car, and Webber was told to do a U-turn. This was because if they caught the guy that did it, they would have to do several hours of paperwork. There was also a scene in the show when Borland told Webber about a time he found a corpse in a river, and they dumped in back inside because it would be too much of a hassle dealing with it.

Foundation Degree in Accounting & Finance Essay -- Business Management

Foundation Degree in Accounting & Finance How training contributes to the achievement of business objectives In order for the organisation to benefit from successful training, there must be a planned and systematic approach to effect management of training. R Harrison (1989:48) defined systematic approach as â€Å"†¦in order to determine as precisely as possible what are the minimum resources the organisation should invest for the development of its workforce, an accurate assessment should be made of known and agreed training needs at all levels. A training plan can then be formulated which can guide the organisation in its investment of resources, in the operation of training and development, and in their evaluation.† A plan for training and development can guide top management to make the following decisions:  · Decision about the investment of resources through time.  · Decision about the agreed corporate goals and strategy for employee development.  · Decision about the key roles necessary to ensure effective implementation of strategy. Within the individual manager’s department, there should be the same agreement on what overall needs exist, however they may be defined and over whatever time length they are to be met. The manager can then put forward a reasoned case for the resources to meet those needs. L Mullins (2002:694) cited that â€Å"The purpose of training is to improve knowledge and skills, and to change attitudes. It is one of the most important potential motivators. This can lead to many possible benefits for both individuals and the organisation.† L Mullins (2002) suggested that training can make an impact on the organisation: * Increase the confident, motivation and commitment of staff. * Provide recognition, enhanced responsibility and the possibility of increased pay and promotion. * Give a feeling of personal satisfaction and achieve, and broaden opportunities for career progression. * Help to improve the availability and quality of staff. Therefore we can see that training is an essential element of improving organisational performance. The intention of training is to generate a greater measure of positive commitment, a reduction of workplace alienation and enhanced quality of output. D Torrington et al (2002) suggested that objectives should give employees a clear idea of p... ...3rd edition, The Cromwell Press, Wiltshire Harrison R (1989), Training and Development, 2nd edition, LR Printing Service Ltd, West Sussex Mullins L (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Torrington D et al (2002), Human Resource Management, 5th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Bibliography Beardwell I et al (2004), Human Resource Management – A Contemporary Approach, 4th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Garratt T (1997), The Effective Delivery of Training Using NLP, Kogan Page Ltd, London Harrison R (1992), Management Studies 2 - Employee Development, 3rd edition, The Cromwell Press, Wiltshire Harrison R (1998), People and Organisation - Employee Development, 2nd edition, The Cromwell Press, Wiltshire Harrison R (1989), Training and Development, 2nd edition, LR Printing Service Ltd, West Sussex Mullins L (2002), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 6th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow Pettinger R (2002), Introduction to Management, 3rd edition, Palgrave, Hampshire Torrington D et al (2002), Human Resource Management, 5th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow

Tourism on Malacca

Tourism on Malacca, Malaysia TABLE OF CONTENT Page 1. 0 Executive Summary 2. 0 Situation Analysis 1 2. 1 Market Summary 2 2. 2 Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threat Analysis 3 2. 3 Competition 4 2. 4 Product Offerings 5 2. 5 Distribution 6 3. Marketing Strategy 7 3. 1 Objective 8 3. 2 Target Markets and Segmentation 9 3. 3 Positioning 10 3. 4 Marketing Mix 11 4. 0 Recommendation and Implementation 12 1. 0 Executive Summary 2. 0 Situation Analysis 2. 1 Market Summary This part is study about the SWOT analysis, competition, product offering and distribution. The SWOT analysis is divided into four parts which are strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threat. The strength of tourism in Malacca are World Heritage Tours, cultural diversity and multiculturalism, transportation, accommodation, entertainment places and weather. The weaknesses of tourism in Malacca are poor transportation system and poor road infrastructure. The opportunities are Malacca International Airport, improved road infrastructure, new market and transportation system. The threats are environmental degradation, regional safety, Bangkok from Thailand, and Bali from Indonesia. The next is about some competitions between Malaysia and other countries. From this study we made the comparison of tourism between Malaysia and other countries such as Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia. Each of them has their own culture and own benefits to the tourists as well. After that, there is the product offering which the tourism in Malacca can offered to the tourists. It briefly explains what type of tourism services can be offered by tourism Malacca compared to others. The last is about the distribution. It showed the distribution channel that tourism Malacca used towards the tourists as the customer to visit Malacca. 2. 2 Strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat analysis Strength †¢ World Heritage Tours Malacca was listed as a World Heritage Tours on 7 July 2008. There are some historical places such as St Paul’s Hill, A Famosa and Dutch Square. These historical places had become the main of the tourist attraction. The tourists can enjoy the Malacca’s traditional Chinatown house that exhibits Peranakan Architecture at Jonker Walk. †¢ Cultural diversity and multiculturalism Melaka is home to an eclectic mix of cultures and historic architecture that continually entice tourists into the region. It offers visitors a rich array of events and festivals throughout the year that highlight its unique cultural identity and history. Melaka consists of variety of culinary treats. Fresh seafood is prepared with Malay and Indian spices, along with a touch of European flair that has outlived its benefactors. Peranakan dishes, a result of Chinese immigrants assimilating into the local demographic, feature Chinese noodles and a long list of sundry spices. †¢ Transportation Melaka Sentral is the main transportation hub of buses services and taxi services in Malacca. It is easier for tourists travel all the historical places by using pubic bus or taxi. The price of taxi services from Melaka Sentral to A Famosa is around 15 to 20 ringgit which is affordable. The tourists also can take trishaw as the tool of transportation to visit all the tourist attraction. †¢ Accommodation There are more than hundreds of hotels, resorts and budget hostel located within the centre of the town. These leisure establishments and hospitable resting easily accommodate the tourists every year. The tourists can find their own accommodation based on their budget. There are some hotels provide a good facilities such as swimming pools, sport facilities, bars and restaurants. So, they may carry these indoor activities if they choose to stay at hotel. †¢ Entertainment places There is a lot of entertainment places located around the Malacca. Shopping centre is one of the places that tourists may choose to go. Mahkota Parade and Pahlawan are the two main shopping centres in the Malacca. There will be some sale seasons in the whole year. The tourists can use the lowest price to buy the souvenirs or cloths during this period. Bars is another entertainment places that tourist choose for relaxing. From there, the tourists can able to adopt local culture and enjoy local foods. †¢ Weather The stable weather patterns in Malacca make any time of year a good time to visit. Melaka is situated within three degrees latitude of the equator. The degree is between 25oC – 33oC. The weather patterns in Melaka aren't extreme. Weaknesses †¢ Poor transportation system Malacca has a really poor public transportation system that the public transports systems are not standardized. Most of the taxis in Malacca don't have a metered system and their charges are random and dependent upon the driver and passenger. A 1. 6-km monorail system was opened with much fanfare in October 2010, but it was plagued with problems and promptly taken out of service. As of December 2010, the monorail is not operational and its planned extension is in doubt. †¢ Poor road infrastructure The streets in the older/historical part of the city are very narrow, so they quickly become clogged during peak hours. This is especially so during the weekends, when cars from other parts of Malaysia and from Singapore flood to the city. Finding a car park lot is also extremely difficult during weekends. Most of the roads are also one-way, so plan your route properly. Opportunites †¢ Malacca International Airport The RM190 million airports, which has a new terminal capable of handling 1. 5 million passengers a year, is targeted to be an airport hub for health tourism. There are more air plane from Airasia and and Firely are expected to fly directly into Malacca. Provided the airlines service which could boost the Malacca tourism market. Moreover, it also more job opportunities for the local citizens and improve the lifestyle. Improve road infrastructure Due to traffic jam especially during the festival season period. There are a lot of cars travels from different places. The limited parking is the main issue will happen on this period. So, a proper infrastructure of road should be implemented. A more parking lot should be make and enlarge the road size should also be implemented. The road constructed should rene w or repair any road which is damage or harmful to the drivers. †¢ New market Malacca located at the southern region of the  Malay Peninsula. It is close proximity to Asian Neighbours such as Singapore and Indonesia. It’s an opportunity for Malacca open a new market at the Strait of Malacca. It’s a strategy location for investor open a new business at there. Open a resort will attract more tourists come to Malacca and create more job opportunity. †¢ Transportation system Malacca Monorial had opened to the public on 21 October 2010. But, the monorial is no longer operational since after a series similar problems happened. It is benefit to the passengers if the monorial is able to operate. By using monorial, the passengers are able saving their time and it’s easy for tourists visit all the tourist attraction. Threats Environmental degradation Today, the increase of shipping activities along the shipping lane and the rapid development in the coastal areas threaten the ecologically fragile environment of high bio-diversity bordering the Straits. Different types of pollutants from industries, agriculture, and land-use activities and domestic wastes are discharged into the Str aits. Along the coast, sand mining, development in mangrove swamps and land reclamation have degraded the habitat for marine life. The economic and ecological losses would rapidly create enormous costs and unforeseeable downstream effects †¢ Regional safety The number of foreign workers keeps increase in the Malacca due to manufacturing and agricultures sectors. It has become a serious problem as all kinds of social and security problems are cropping up. It may affect the image of Malacca and create an anxious toward the foreign tourists. †¢ Bangkok, Thailand It is the capital city of Thailand. This city is famous and appreciated by tourist for its versatility and multiple points of interests. It is one of the largest shopping centers and the largest outdoor market in Asia. Besides the shopping, Bangkok has developed into a magnet for food lovers of all origins. With the Skytrain or underground train service provided, it brings a lot of benefit to the passengers and tourists. †¢ Bali, Indonesia Bali is one of the thousands of islands that together constitute the Republic of Indonesia. It has become a primary destination for tourist from all over the world. Balinese cultures with its Hindu religious ceremonies and rituals are one of the chief attractions of Bali. Bedugul Botanical Gargen which showcases almost 2000 different species of plants and 320 varieties of orchids. Warungs or Roadside cafes serve up the best food to all the visitors. . 3 Competition The Definition of Tourism As the global population ages and travelling becomes cheaper and quicker than it is today and tourism will continue to be a cornerstone of the global economy. The increased emphasis on sustainability and lifestyle decisions will also heavily influence tourism and the way it is marketed in the future. (Tsiotsou & Ratten, 2010). Consumer behavior is a dynamic an d eclectic field of tourism marketing (Mattila, 2004). Global consumption of tourism means that there are many different aspects of the environment people are influenced by. Consumption patterns are changing globally as more people become classified as middle-class in developing countries such as China and India and can afford more time to travel. More people worldwide can afford to stay in hotels but the geographic origin of these consumers is changing. The changing nature of the global hotel industry means that future research should discuss in more depth how consumers’ decision marketing processes are changing (Louviers et al. , 2003). As consumers are aging this will create changing demands in what services and facilities are offered to tourists. More research is required on the mature consumer and how tourist resorts will be affected by these changes. For example, Moschis et al. (2003) highlighted that more research is required on how mature consumers respond to monetary incentives. Kim and Geistfeld (2003) also found that the demand for full service restaurants will increase because of the aging population and stressed the importance of further research focusing on this demographic segment of the population. Another research avenue for consumer behavior studies in tourism marketing is to further analyze the cross-cultural differences of the global travel market. Mueller et al. (2003) found that Irish and American consumers have a different perception of service encounters. (Tsiotsou & Ratten, 2010). According to Mohamed (n. d. ), culture in tourism is an important issue. The relationship between tourism and culture can take many forms and the outcome can be viewed as negative and positive when meeting of hosts and visitors occurs and possibly leads to the transformation of the hosts’ culture. The destruction of local culture as a result of tourism is well documented. Like its Asean neighbors, Malaysia too regards tourism as a very important sector that brings the much-needed foreign exchange, new jobs and businesses. Heritage tourism, classified as a subclass of cultural tourism by the World Tourism Organization, has been identified and spelt out in the new Tourism Policy by the Tourism Ministry as one of the new niche products to be developed extensively for the next ten years. Paralleled with the growing interest in heritage tourism and the global influx of the alternative tourists, tourist arrivals in the Malaysian heritage cities, especially Penang and Malacca, have improved over the years. Despite this, the real potential of culture and heritage as tourism resources is not fully realized. They are not well attended and only started to be appreciated. Malaysia is experiencing a tremendous pace of tourism development. Tourism sector has been recognized by Malaysian government as a major source of revenue and catalyst to the Malaysian economic renaissance. Tourist arrivals to Malaysia for the last ten years have shown a significant rise. In the year 2004, this country attracted 15. 7 million foreign tourists generating around RM29. 7 billion into the company. Major tourist market for Malaysia has been the neighboring ASEAN nations especially Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Brunei. Other main traditional foreign markets include China, Japan, Taiwan and India. Coupled with the growth in tourism is a booming interest in the ‘new tourism’. Cultural tourism has emerged as a potential form of alternative tourism among both international tourists as well as Malaysian domestic travelers. Cultural tourism in Malaysia attracted great publicities with the increase in the number of incoming tourists annually. Malaysia has marvelous cultural tourism resources that are readily available to be explored such as the existence of multi-cultural, historical buildings, colorful lifestyles and friendly atmosphere. In Malaysia, heritage and culture has also been identified as new niche products to be developed extensively in tourism development. Cultural vibrancy is clearly manifested in the ongoing and successful â€Å"Malaysia: Truly Asia† promotional drive by the country’s promotion arm, Tourism Malaysia. In this promotion, Malaysia boasts to host a wide variety of Asian ethnic groups that making it into a little Asia. Malaysia also has distinctive multicultural architectural heritage with strong Islamic, Chinese and Western influences; all of which have been portrayed in the heritage buildings. The management of culture and heritage in Malaysia was put under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, established on the 20th of May 1987, combining Department of Culture from the Ministry of Culture, Youths and Sports with the Malaysian Tourism Development Corporation from the Ministry of Trade and Industries. On 22nd October 1992, the ministry was renamed into Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism. This ministry was later divided in Mac 2004, into two ministries, namely the Tourism Ministry and Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage. This separation is seen as recognition of tourism as a potential number one sector of the country and a move to appreciate the value of heritage of the country. Agencies under this ministry are the National Archives, the National Art and Gallery, the Department of Museum and Antiquities, Malaysian Handicrafts (Kraftangan Malaysia), the National Film Development Corporation (Finas), the National Art Academy, the National Library and the Istana Budaya (the Culture Palace). Despite the move to strengthen the ministries, the separation of the cultural elements from the Tourism Ministry can give impacts on the direction of ‘cultural and heritage tourism’, leaving this niche area as a no-man’s land! Tourism in Singapore The management of tourism in Singapore has undergone various changes over the decades. The adoption of different policies and strategies aimed at promoting and championing tourism in Singapore has been subject to socio-economic changes on the local and global fronts. A deeper understanding of the issues pertaining to tourism development in Singapore necessitates a review of the â€Å"background† of these challenges as they relate to particular social, economic and political conditions of Singapore. Tourism management in Singapore has sought to be adaptable to the changes in the wider socio-economic environment. Tourism policies and strategies have thus largely corresponded to global forces influencing trends in tourism and economic development, as well as responded to local factors such as changing social conditions in the city-state. Yeo et al, n. d. ). As stated in Wikipedia, tourism in Singapore is a major industry and contributor to the Singaporean economy, attracting 11,638,663 tourists in 2010, over twice Singapore's total population. Its cultural attraction can be attributed to its cultural diversity that reflects its colonial history and Chinese, Malay, Indian and Arab ethnicities. It is also environmentally friendly, and maintains natural and heritage conservation programs. Along with this, it also has one of the world's lowest crime rates. As English is the dominant one of its four official languages, it is generally easier for tourists to understand when speaking to the local population of the country, for example, when shopping. Transport in Singapore exhaustively covers most, if not all public venues in Singapore, which increases convenience for tourists. This includes the well-known Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. The Orchard Road district, which is dominated by multi-story shopping centres and hotels, can be considered the center of tourism in Singapore. Other popular tourist attractions include the Singapore Zoo and Night Safari, which allows people to explore Asian, African and American habitats at night without any visible barriers between guests and the wild animals. The Singapore Zoo has embraced the ‘open zoo' concept whereby animals are kept in enclosures, separated from visitors by hidden dry or wet moats, instead of caging the animals. Jurong Bird Park is another zoological garden centred around birds, which is dedicated towards exposing the public to as uch species and varieties of birds from around the world as possible, including a flock of one thousand flamingos. Besides, the tourist island of Sentosa, which attracts more than 5 million visitors a year, is located in the south of Singapore, consists of about 20-30 landmarks, such as Fort Siloso, which was built as a fortress to defend against the Japanese during World War II. Guns from the World War II era can be seen at Fort Siloso, from a mini-sized to a 16 pound (7  kg) gun. Moreover, the island has built the Tiger Sky Tower, which allows visitors to view the whole of Sentosa, as well as the Sentosa Luge, a small one- or two-person sled on which one sleighs supine and feet-first. Steering is done by shifting the weight or pulling straps attached to the sled's runners. Singapore has two integrated resorts which house casinos, namely Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa. Tourism in Thailand Thailand is neighbourhood of Malaysia; in another saying it’s Malaysia’s competitors too. Thailand country is most famous for its architecture of the oldest temple such as Bang Pa-in, Ayutthaya, Wat Phra Sisanphet, Ayutthaya and etc. Whereas the most popular place which are attraction for tourist are Kanchanaburi which is a good place for nature lovers, Pattaya beach which is just two hours drives from Bangkok, Doi Tung Royal Villa, Sukhoithai, Ko Nang Yuan,Surat Thani,Phuket and etc. The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) board has used â€Å"Amazing Thailand† as their theme, while the new tagline is â€Å"Always Amazes You† which is to reinforce the many aspects of â€Å"Thainess†. They were gave more strength on many traditional aspects. The TAT’s marketing campaigns for 2011 will be highly visible worldwide through traditional promotional channels including TV commercials and vignettes, print advertisement. Moreover there also be an increased use of celebrity ads, which invite popular actors or sports person to major events in Thailand, and encourage them to shoot their film in Thailand so that the world knows the beauty of the country. Besides that, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has come up with this campaign so call â€Å"Bangkok is Waiting for you† by CNBC Asia Pacific. This is for welcomed the tourist to explore the tradition, unique cultures, exquisite architecture, foods and ways of living of its inhabitants. Tourism in Indonesia Last but not least, Indonesia is one of the competitors of Malaysia which is located at the South of Malaysia. Indonesia is bigger area compare to Malaysia. It has most beautiful place which tourist attraction such as Bali, Jakarta, Borobudur, Mount Bromo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Lombok, Yogakartas and etc. The official Indonesia government authority that is responsible for tourism sector in Indonesia is the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Indonesia. In effort to boost the acceleration of the international and domestic tourist movement, department already create 2 promotional tourism theme entitled â€Å"Indonesia Ultimate in Diversity† International level and â€Å"Ayo, Tamasya Jelajahi Nusantara† for domestic that both will show the unique status of Indonesia(Ardiwidjaja. R). They have launch certain campaigns by yearly, such as 1991,2008,2009 and recently 2010. Year 2010 have lots of support compare to the previous years by travel and tourism industry in Indonesia, including the Ministry of Culture & Tourism, the Provincial Government of West Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara Culture & Tourism Office, Lombok Sumbawa Promo, Garuda Indonesia as Official Airlines, other supporting airlines, Indonesia National Air Carriers Association (INACA), Board of Airline Representatives Indonesia (BARINDO), Association of Indonesian Tours & Travel Agencies (ASITA), Indonesia Hotels and Restaurant Association (PHRI), Indonesian Conference and Convention Association (INCCA), Pacto Convex as the event organizer, supported by national and international media. Lombok and Sumbawa in West Nusa Tenggara have set a target of wooing one million tourists to visit the islands by 2012. 2. 4 Product Offerings 2. 5 Distribution Distribution The distribution of travel and tourism products or services is a most important activity along the tourism chain majorly in Melaka tourism aspect. There are two main considerations which need to be distinguished: first, the degree to which organisations become involved in organising and structuring the overseas distribution channel such as the Melaka’s government anticipation, and second, organisations' reactions and responses to marketing and distribution strategies of intermediaries in overseas markets. As a result of organisations' activeness or passiveness with regard to these two considerations, four trade-oriented strategies are possible: by-passing, co-operation, conflict, or adaptation. A by-passing strategy means travel and tourism organisations or airlines would relinquish any collaboration with the distribution channel. Melaka’s government should considering opening a proper international airport in order to compete with the other states such as Penang, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bharu, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. The appropriateness of this strategy for public and private travel and tourism organisations seems very limited, considering the current importance of intermediaries in most overseas marketplaces. Adventure tourism is at the cutting edge of world tourism, and its newness merits a comprehensive examination, unhindered by the confines of traditional delineations. Despite a number of attempts to define the concept of ‘adventure tourism’, consensus remains to be lacking within the academic community; indeed, as the boundaries of knowledge are receding, the number of proposed definitions and conceptualisations appear to be increasing. †¢ be of a heightened nature – a stimulating context will induce a range of emotions(of which excitement will be key), and separate it from everyday life; such as creating the new idea from the istorical and existing buildings and spots which they could improvise on making it interesting †¢ entail intellectual, physical or emoti onal risks and challenges – these will be absorbing the interest and love towards the beauty of Melaka’s nature †¢ be intrinsically rewarding, providing opportunities for enjoyment, learning and self-development [pic] Distribution in tourism is mainly regarding these three factors which decide the upstream of the tourism industry. A consumer who comes to Melaka is a major factor for the tourism industry as it drives in Malaysian and non-Malaysians into the province of Melaka. Melaka is mainly known as ‘Bandaraya Bersejarah’ which has been known for many years. They could use this as a competitive advantage to pull the attentions of tourist. Segmenting the tourist is a vital procedure as they can be identified and classified which type of tourist. This can be group based on their point of interest, culture and beliefs. Trade including travel agents, wholesalers who do tourism as their main business , can be good intermediaries for the government and tourist. Melaka Tourism industry invites the involvement of travel agents to support the tourism industries as they can reach to the tourism and penetrate easily into the market. This is main reason why for the past 5 years, travel agents in Melaka had subsequently raise up due to the encouragements gave by the Melaka state government itself. Sub line industry and sector associations or professionals including RTOs, VICs, media, industry suppliers and airlines industry. Small to medium-sized enterprises [SMEs] located throughout the globe that offers both direct travel-related services (accommodation, dining, transport, recreation and entertainment) and ancillary services (insurance, software, content, finance, weather, news, maps). Distribution plays a vital role in the development of the tourism in Melaka. There are more places and hot spots that are yet to be explored in the state, as the sub-urban areas are rich with natural beauty of their historical traits such as in Alor Gajah, Jasin, Machap and many more. If the distribution role is played wisely, the advantages could be fully capitalized and tourism industry will be a huge leap for Melaka. 3. 0 Marketing Strategy 3. Objective 3. 2 Target Market and Segmentation 3. 3 Positioning Positioning is the act of differentiating a brand in customer’s mind in relation to the competitor in term of attributes and benefits that this brand does offer. It also can said as a process of developing str ategy for â€Å"filling a slot† in the mind of customer. Positioning can be categorized by benefits, price, quality, competitor, usage and experiences. In tourism Malacca, it included two categories which are benefits and experiences. Benefits For the benefits, Malacca can give a feeling that is back to the past of Portuguese occupied Malacca at a long time ago for tourists themselves. They can feel the historical culture in Malacca and they are able to understand more history from Malacca. The second thing of benefits is the local foods on Malacca. We know that Malacca is the one of the state on Malaysia country. It provides the local foods like nasi lemak, curry ayam, rojak and other that the tourists can’t eat and enjoy this kind of foods on their country. It is advantages for Malacca to attract more tourists to come to the place together. Besides that, Malacca also provided three wheel bicycle for people who may tired after the long journey of visit. The three wheel bicycle can let the tourist to enjoy the comfortably when sitting on it and see around the view of the tourism place. Experience For experience sector, Malacca comes out a slogan which is â€Å"Visiting Malacca Means Visiting Malaysia†. This slogan give the meaning that Malacca is a tourism place combined all historical culture together and the different race staying together in a one place with peaceful and harmony. Besides that, Baba Nyonya is also an experience sector for tourism Malacca. Baba Nyonya is famous among the Malacca Area and we can know more about the culture of BABA Nyonya at The Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum. Jonker Walk Street also provided an experience for tourists because a lot of traditional foods and drink of Malaysia are selling along the street. The tourists can enjoy the foods along the street and it can give the tourists unforgotten memory at that place. Zoo Malacca can be one of the experiences too for tourists. Zoo Malacca gives people a different view of zoo in Malaysia and let people know what animals are available in Malaysia. Besides that, crocodile farm also can be the experience because there are few crocodile farm to show in Malaysia. It can make the tourists to know different type of crocodile species and know their lifestyle as well. 3. 4 Marketing Mix The marketing mix is probably the most famous marketing term nowadays (Marketing Mix, 2000). Marketing mix also can be defined as Four P’s which include product, price, place and promotion. When marketing their products or services, firms need to create a successful combine of the right product, sold at the right price, in the right place and using the promotional strategy. This Four P's are the tools that the marketer can control, subject to the internal and external restrict of the marketing environment (The 4 P's of Marketing, 2002). The goal is to make decisions that center the Four P's on the customers in the target market in order to generate a positive response and establish perceived value (The 4 P's of Marketing, 2002). Place (Distribution) Place is about getting the products or services to the customer. Place can also be defined as the location of all the points of sale which give prospective customers with access to tourist product (Tourism Destination Market, 2003). However, the place where the tourist buys the tourism product can be varied. Travel agents, tour operators and tour wholesalers are a few examples of the place or distribution in tourism. A travel agency is a business that helps customers to plan their holidays and help to make various types of travel arrangements such as flight tickets and accommodation reservations. Tour operators are businesses that combine two or more travel services and sell them through travel agencies or direct sell them to final customers as a package tour (Tour operator, 2001). On the other hand, tour wholesaler is a company that sells tour packages and tour product to travel agents. Tour wholesalers normally receive a 20% discount from accommodations and transportation companies then pass on a 10 to 15% discount to the retail agent (Tour wholesaler, 2009). In the meantime, customers will choose the agency which may give them the highest satisfaction. Nowadays, the Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction and activities. The Internet is the newest and it is most powerful tool available to tourism marketers. Marketers can take this advantage by creating tourism Melaka official website in order to update the current information for visitors. Tourism destination web sites may consist of pictures, videos, sounds, animations, graphics, text and interactive maps . If the visitors have accessed to according Web site and read though all of the information, they will have a good understanding of the history, culture and viewpoints of Melaka and it will win the minds of potential tourist. Promotion Promotion is the business of communicating with customers. Besides, through the promotion it can provide information that will aid customer in making a decision to purchase a product or service. Promotion also includes of advertising, sales promotion, travel shows and public relations. Tourism in Melaka can be further developed by promoting many aspects that state has. Melaka is a place not only popular for its historic importance, with a rich cultural history Malacca is a shopping heaven. Shopping in Melaka can be an xciting experience if visitors know what to shop for and from where. Many types of media can be used to promote tourism in Melaka. For example, marketer can use the traditional print media, both newspapers and magazines. There are travel w riters to describe about the viewpoints of Melaka, to inform and entertain the readers. Besides, the social networks such as Facebook and Twitter have become a tool for promoting tourism. Nowadays, most of the people are spending their time on Facebook, but maybe just 20 minutes on the other Website. So, by creating a Facebook fan page or updates current information on Twitter about Melaka tourism, it is essential way to attract international tourist to visit Melaka. In addition, government should set a law that businessman cannot charge exorbitant rate to tourist. Tourists must charge in same price as local for products or services that they buy. Moreover, the quality of products or services must be at the top priority for business. By having this way, it can build the reputation of Melaka and it can also fascinate tourist to make Melaka as their favourite spot to visit or holiday destination. On the other hand, Government has put great effort into enhancing and developing the basic infrastructure and facilities such as transportation and telecommunications in order to meet the requirements or expectation of the tourists. Moreover, marketers can organize some promotional programmes and exhibitions in Melaka in order to attract tourists who are from different country. Marketers can introduce tour package to international tourist which the tours with quality and lower price. As the part of its promotional effort, Malaysia’s national airline such as MAS and Air-Asia may together with local hotels and offered a special packages which consisting of accommodation, flight and tour arrangement as well. These promotional packages can be advertised on TV, newspapers, magazines, brochures, Internet and so on. No doubt that, the number of tourist in Melaka will be increased if marketer able to manage the promotion strategy well. Product Product is referring to the product or services offered to customers, its characteristics, how the product branded. In order to attract international tourists to visit Malacca as a travel destination, intangible product are service based (wikipedia, n. d). Besides, to retain competitiveness in the market, product differentiate is required and it is one of the strategy to differentiate a product from competitors in the same industry. In order to attract international tourist, the services including the procedure of trip, accommodation, transport and others need to be plan well. Since Malacca is known as heritage city in Malaysia, therefore it can be a starting point provide tourist to getting know the Malacca history place. For example, A’ Farmosa, the landmark of Malacca ;Dutch square which also called as Red Square as the area is surrounded by red painting buildings; Jonker Street is a lively street famous for it’s culture and heritage; Stadhuys which is History and Enthnography Museum; Chris Church and many others historical areas. Rather than the historical places, having Malacca duck tour around Malacca city, river cruise which takes passenger from the jetty and night cruise is more interesting as can see light in the riverbank’s buildings, water fountain show and bridges; lastly is Taming Sari Revolving Tower which offers breathtaking 360-degree views of the historic city and coastline. Away from the city, experience the nature such a way help tourist release stress and pressure such as Butterfly farm, Zoo Malacca, Crocodiles farm and many others. This kind of places which help tourist to enjoy the natural resources. Food is another thing to attract tourist to come to Malacca. One of the most famous foods at Malacca is chicken rice ball which can taste for the original chicken rice ball. Others food like Satay Celup, Baba Nyonya Food, cendol and many others. There are many shopping centres in Malacca which allow tourist visit for spend other leisure times. Besides that, based on the customer’s preferences, provide the standard otel experience in their budget which good and imaginative staff for serving them. Therefore, create something specifically memorable for the trip for them. Providing them the hotel at location which allows them easily to visit all the places they wish to go. Security of the tourist is important. Therefore, transportation is needed duri ng the travel period. Along with the trip, the tourist always is guidance by the tour guide depend on the race of the tourist. Therefore, they can enjoy the trip without language barrier. Pricing Different people have their different budget for the trip. In theory, price is determined by the discovery of what customers perceive is the value of the item on sale. We had offer different kind of strategy due to different kind of consumer which including seasonal pricing, last minute pricing, package deals. Seasonal pricing is a mix of price throughout a year to cover low and high season. This kind of strategy is to cater for different levels of demand due to the time of a year. Like for example, the school holiday period and local event of Malacca. While last minute pricing also is a way used to attract the consumers for booking for the travel. It is a common method and basically discounting the prices according to forward bookings and promoted on last minute booking websites. Discounting always is unavoidable in a competitive market and in order used to attract business. It can be deal by adding several conditions like minimum to stay, number of travelers in the booking. Continuously, package deals are another way to attract international tourist. Different packages need to be meeting with different need of niche market. We can develop packages with complimentary tourism partners in Malacca to stimulate demand such as cooperate with the local business. In other word, we work with multiple attractions to create bigger package and lead to deeper discount. For example, work with trolley car tour, museums and other attractions in order to offer package discount. We also can offer the saving packages with bundle lodging, activities, accommodation and food for the families, honeymooners and groups travel. 4. Recommendation and Implementation References 1. Tsiotsou R. & Ratten V. (2010). Future Research Direction in Tourism Marketing, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 28, 1-3. 2. Mattila, A. S. (2004), Consumer Behavior Research in Hospitality and Touris m Journals, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23, 449-57. 3. Louviers, P. , Driver, J. and Powell-Perry, J. (2003), Managing Customer Behavior dynamics in the Global Hotel Industry, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9 (2), 164-74. 4. Moschis, G. , Curasi, C. and Bellenger, D. (2003), Restaurant Selection Preferences of Mature Consumers, Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44 (4), 51-60. 5. Kim, E. nd Geistfeld, L. (2003), Consumers’ Restaurant Choice Behavior and The Impact of Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors, Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 6 (1), 3-24. 6. Mueller, R. , Palmer, A. , Mack, R. and McMullan, R. (2003), Service in The Restaurant Industry: an American and Irish Comparison of Service Failures and Recovery Strategies, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22 (4), 395-418. 7. Mohamed (n. d. ). Retrieved December 19, 2011, Cultural Tourism Promotion and policy in Malaysia. 8. Yeo, B. S. A. , Tan, E. S. , Wang, J . & Wong, T. (n. d. ). Tourism in Singapore: An Overview of Policies and Issues. 9. Wikipedia. Retrieved December 19, 2011, Tourism in Singapore from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore. 10. Tourism in Indonesia, Retrieved December 18, 2011 from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia 11. Indonesia Tourism. (2011). Welcome to most beautiful places in Indonesia. Retrieved June 29,2011 from BlogSpot Website: http://baliyogya. blogspot. com/ 12. Ardiwidjaja. R. Strategic Sustainable Tourism Development in Indonesia. Retrieved December 13, 2011 from Website: http://www. budpar. go. id/filedata/4032_1283-STRATEGICSUSTAINABLETOURISMDEVELOPMENT. pdf 13. Amazing Thailand, Always Amazes you (2011). Retrieved December